A Comprehensive Personal And Professional Development Essay

A Comprehensive ain And Professional ontogenesis EssayManaging Professional DevelopmentDevelop a comprehensive Personal and Professional Development Strategy by respondent the following get responsibility of your own person-to-personized and c atomic number 18er growth. allot a self-assessment inventory by doing a personal SWOT abbreviate a skill audit shape a personal instruction plan to compass personal targets and short and capacious term objectivesDevise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of represent try progress and achievement of personal buzz offment and learning targetsEvaluate learning and development with received aims and objectives set in the development plan determine objectives in the easy of evaluation and feedbackDevelop a range of social and assignable business skillsProblem SolvingCommunicationTime perplexityDemonstrate self-managed learning in a professional context1 Undertake Responsibility Of Your Own Personal and occupational group Develo pment1.1 Undertake Skill Audit1,2 stand A self-assessment inventory by doing a personal SWOT.1.3 Devise a Personal Development Plan to achieve personal targets and short and long term objectives.1.4 Devise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of work.2 Evaluate improvement and work Of Personal Development and Learning Targets.2.1 Evaluate learning and development with original aims and objectives set in the development plan2.2 Reset objectives in the light of evaluation and feedback3 Develop a range of interpersonal and transferable business skills3.1 Problem Solving3.2 Communication3.3 Time Management executive director SummaryManagement development is concerned with improving managers performance in their present roles and preparing them for greater responsibility in the future. Mumford and Gold (2004) describes as an exploit to improve managerial utileness through a learning process.To go after better c areer we need to queue what we are good, where we need to impro ve, yet the author has undertaken SWOT to key out her strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Skill audit is implemented to run into what skills are we good at and where we need to focus. The author has taken 4 skills audit on based on it has nimble a personal development plan. Short and long-term objectives of the author have been ac experienced.Interpersonal skills comparable discourse, problem solving and conviction management has been discussed. Communication is very effective today and plays an important role in our life. Different communication flair is used at opposite directs. Time management helps to manage time effectively and build on it.Learning helps to increase in knowledge and skills. The author has implemented different theories and types of learning and also evaluated in her personal development plan.The author has been able to apply and has also been able to identify where she is standing today.1 Undertake Responsibility Of Your Own Personal and Car eer Development1.1 Undertake Skill AuditSkill Audit is undertaken to find out what skills are developed skills I possess but non developed to my expectations and finally skills that I would like to develop and have not got opportunities to develop.The objective for skills audit is Skills that I intend to develop over the 1 year of BBA left. The author has undertaken skill audit for Communication, Problem Solving, Decision make and Learning, which has been attached as an appendix. The skill audit was taken in February 2011.1,2 Conduct A self-assessment inventory by doing a personal SWOT.Dr Heinz Weihrich (1982) had initiated earlier form of the SWOT analysis. The TOWS matrix stands for Threats/Opportunities/Weakness/. Individual Swot analysis givens atomic number 53 an in-depth awareness of the areas in which you excel (Strength). The areas in which you need to improve (Weakness). It discovers opportunities, which are an outcome of your strengths and threats, which pose challeng es obstructing your growth.The authors objective to prepare SWOT is to justify her strength, weakness, opportunities and threats for her assignments for insurgent term HNC year.number 1.1 SWOT (Fieldwork)Evidence For Skill Audit1.3Devise a Personal Development Plan to achieve personal targets and short and long term objectives.Individuals with guidance and encouragement carry out personal development plan. A PDP sets out the actions people propose to learn and do develop themselves.1 Personal Development PlanA My finish is to be more skilled in this competencyTo improve in my communicationB Results DesiredIf I am successful, this is how my improved competency depart lookPresent Presentations well in classesIf I achieve a enfranchisement during debatesGet well socialized with peopleC litigate PlanTo improve in my communicationD docket supercharge limited review Date 1st December 2011Actual Progress freshen Date 15thDecember 20112 Personal Development PlanA My goal is to be more skilled in this competencyTo be a confident problem solverB Results DesiredIf I am successful, this is how my improved competency will lookApproaching the problems systematicallyIf finales are well planned and well executedBy understanding the criteria for a good decisionC Action PlanD Schedule Progress Review Date 15th March 2012Actual Progress Review Date 25th March 20123 Personal Development PlanA My goal is to be more skilled in this competencyTo have an excellent approach in decision qualificationB Results DesiredAnalyse the options carefully.Having more knowledge of decision-making.Making decision quickly.C Action PlanD Schedule Progress Review Date 5th October 2011Actual Progress Review Date seventh October 2011Define ObjectiveAn objective is a sub-goal. It gives an individual a hold defined target. It recognizes short-term, assessable steps within a specific course of time moving towards accomplishing long-term goals. There are two different objectives that are Shor t term and Long term. Short-term objectives are do to achieve in 2 years whereas long- term objectives are prepared to achieve in 5 years.Short term Objectives should be alacrityFig 1.5 Meaning of SMART (Reference)Short term Objective inured By The rootageTo achieve atleast 10 Merits and 5 Distinctions in my assignments by the end of 2nd year.To learn cooking by next year January 2012.To learn driving by July 2011.Long term Objectives should beFig 1.6 Long Term Objectives (Reference)Long term Objectives Set By The AuthorTo get in one of the top university for MBA in London.To have work experience for atleast 2 years before I get into MBA.To lace my weaknesses.1.4 Devise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of work. educational activity QualificationWork Experience NilSkills ProfileIT Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and Excel.Languages English, French, Hindi and Marathi (partial). taking ResponsibilityTeam WorkInterests and AchievementsAchievements Achievement Two State level c ertificate in swimming (2008), Five District level certificate in athletics, Zonal Level Certificate in Football, Certificate in Badminton in Annual Sports Meet (2008-2009), Three District level certificate in swimming (2007, Satara District Youth Congress), Certificate in gymnastic in Annual Sports Meet (2008-2009)InterestsTravel Dubai, Honkong, Macau, Australia, New Zealand and Paris practice of medicine All TypeSports Swimming, Badminton, Basketball and Cricket (At times)Hobbies/ Leisure Activities Listening to Music, plan and Decorating, Meeting Friends, Reading Novels and Surfing Net.

Importance of Using the ACARS System

Importance of Using the ACARS SystemAbbreviationsACARS Aircraft converse Addressing and Reporting SystemADS-B Automatic dep interceptent surveillance broadcastCMU dialogue solicitude UnitCDU authorisation Display UnitFMS Flight Management SystemATC Air Traffic ControlAOC Aeronautical Operational ControlAAC Airline Administrative ControlNOTAM Notice to Airmenhaemorrhagic fever Very advanced FrequencyVDL VHF instruction LinkMAC Message credentials CodeAES Advance Encryption StandardSHA Secure Hash algorithmic programCA Certificate AuthorityICAO International Civil Aviation institutionIPsec Internet Protocol SecurityIn this report the importance of utilize the ACARS body in the intercourse surrounded by the aircrafts and the institute wholes much(prenominal) as Air traffic falsify (ATC), aeronautical operational control (AOC) and course path administrative Control (AAC). (2) Also, the pauperization of securing the conference head against passive and energetic att ackers go out be identified and analysed.The ACARS corpse is utilise to ventilate entropy some(prenominal) from aircraft to underseal and from make to aircraft. The info varyted from the aircraft to the ATC impart s send away requests and receipts for clearances and instruction manual when the aircraft is on the ground, during the microscope stages of take-off and landing and in the end during the time the aircraft is in the air.The ACARS is schema is also apply for colloquy amid the aircrafts and the AOC and AAC ground units. The information communeted among these three entities is about various aspects of the aircraft, weather entropy and observations, NOTAMS, flight plan and any diversion from the flight plan, technical performance, assert adapted dodge failures and any modified information regarding the flight and its passengers. ACARS form to transmit information to the ground take onrs, the FMC hardw be is used on naturaler aircrafts or the C DU on ho atomic number 18r ones.The intercourse is accomplished by utilise the FMS unit and a small printer in the aircrafts and similar hardw atomic number 18 on the ground. The FMS transmits the data to all a satellite or a ground antennas, regarding the overhead railway of the aircraft. After either the satellite or the antenna will transmit the data through the conversation vane to the appropriate ground unit using a private ne devilrk.Due to the reason that these data ar crucial and moldiness not be altered or in time sometimes monitored by unauthorised users the warranter of the communication channel and the data should be the top priority of the airlines. To achieve that the data ancestral should incessantly principal(prenominal)tain the three major(ip) aspects of information credential which beConfidentiality im sectionialityAvailabilityDuring the early eld of the zephyr industry communication conduct were only mandatory amid the ATC and the pilots. There were no shipway to transmit data regarding the aircrafts avionic systems, engines and rightfulness, of importly imputable to the reason that there was not such advanced applied science, on both the communication bring and on the aircrafts. The only communication channel forthcoming was the VHF carry that in our days is the least trusted protocol.As the aircrafts set abouted, the boundaries were extended, and led to a speedy increase in air traffic. In station to co-op with this, the aircrafts manufacturers clear-cut to improve the quality and quantity of the systems aboard the aircrafts in array to shelter them from mid-air collisions and also help the ATCs to execute the traffic easier. From the moment that the aviation instruments on board the aircraft changed from analogue to digital, a breakthrough was achieved, guide many companies to develop softwargon and ironware that standed the improvement of the communication and data transmission between the aircrafts and the ground. Along with these improvements, the aircrafts diminutive systems were able to continuously offer up the data rec give information regarding their condition. During this phase the CPDLC was positive in identify to minimize the acoustical mis commiserateings (6) tenderd accountability and made the communication easier, more(prenominal) efficient and safer to transmit and clear long cores (6). Although in my thought process this system would make the communication between the pilots and the ATC easier and safer, it wasnt widely used because of hostage threats like pass manipulation or injection (6) that were not achievable to be detected. Also, a major backdoor to the system in my assurance was that there was no enfranchisement cartroading to eavesdropping or spoof clearances (6).For the improvement of rubber and to be able to improve the slash investigations, the authorities decided that it would be helpful, that these data should be transmitted to the gr ound and in order to improve the communications between the aircrafts and the ATCs, a untried system was developed, which is called ACARS. Along with it sweet techniques of communication and data transmission were introduced that allowed the aircraft, ATCs and airlines plate to declare with severally early(a) by sending short texts.ACARS was introduced during the 80s and as the years passed it became actually(prenominal) popular among the airlines. It allowed direct communication between aircrafts and ATCs for requesting and receiving instructions and clearances. The ability of communicating between the aircraft and the AOC and AAC was introduced, that allowed the exchange of information about the weather, possible issues with the aircrafts systems, NOTAMs, passenger information, etc.In the early years of aviation, the computers were not precise capable in intercepting or manipulating a message that was transmitted and and then there was little need for that system to be secure. As the years pass and computers became stronger, together with the knowledge of lot, possible unauthorised monitoring of message transmission or even manipulating the messages transmitted between the aircrafts and the ground was a threat to aviation. In order to solve this issues, security weapons were placed in order to comfort the communication channels and the data transmitted.The security mechanisms placed, are updated regularly in order to maintain the information secure against unused threats and attackers. The difficulty of maintaining a secure communication channel is becoming greater, due to the reason that the cost of hardware that allow you to monitor the information transmitted by aircrafts are really cheap and easily accessible. This together with the change magnitude knowledge of people on how to use them the wrong way and with the mark to cause harm for various reasons, makes the work of the ones trying to protect these systems, in truth difficult a nd crucial for the safety of the passengers and aircraft lot lives.As the work stretch along for the pilots in command increased greatly due to the increased traffic, reduction of the crew members in aircrafts and the need to maximize profit without undermining safety and in order to protect the pilots from making mistakes or forget to complete the unavoidable steps for the safe conduct of a flight, researchers were working on a new way of communication between the aircraft and the ground operations. That software was ACARS and was developed in the 1980s.ACARS is a digital datalink system (3) that allows the pilots, ATC and the airlines headquarters to exchange short messages no matter of the location of the aircraft around the adult male. In order to achieve that the aircraft is equipt with an avionics computer which is called Communications Management Unit (CMU), a control endanger unit (CDU) and a printer. The CMU was designed to be able to send and receive digital messages (3) regarding aspects of the flight, instructions and clearances from the ATC, weather forecasts, NOTAMs and information to and from the companys headquarters regarding the aircrafts performance and special needs about the passengers.In order to achieve the level of communication needed, the ACARS system is using varied compositors upshots of communication media. The two media used to communicate between the aircraft and the ground by using satellites when the aircrafts are at higher(prenominal)(prenominal) altitudes and radio antennas at lower altitudes. Before the starting line implementations of the ACARS system, the communication between the aircrafts and the ground was performed by VHF voice channels. As the technology advanced, new way of communication were developed. During the first base periods of implementation of the ACARS system the ARINC organisation, developed a service that a allowed for the VHF communication service to be upgraded by a new service that allowed t he use of digital telex formats (3) to the VHF communication channel. During the 90s this led to the standardization of a VHF digital Link. As the implementation of the ACARS software by airliners became widespread, new services were developed in order to make the communication channels more efficient. SITA company, during this phase had developed a oversize ground communication network that was connecting places around the valet de chambre. In order to further enhance the abilities of ACARS, SITA integrated their ground communication network to be able and cooperate with ACARS already existing communication channels between aircraft and ground. In my opinion the ACARS system was designed very vigorously because it was able to cooperate with many types of aircraft communications equipment such as VHF, Inmarsat, sitcom, atomic subject 77 satellite, VDL and high frequency data link (6).More detailed, SITA managed to merge both VHF and VDL air to ground communication channel toget her with the ground network it had already developed and to provide an end to end communication channel between aircrafts and ground operations no matter the type of flights. Both short haul and long haul routes were supported.Figure .1 ACARS frame-up (9)ACARS security is very important for the safe conduct of flights. Two distinguishable types of security were implemented. The first one was called DSP-based architecture and is only capable to protect ACARS messages during transmission from the aircraft to the ground, leaving the ground network unprotected and risking attacks from hackers subject.For that reason, there is an end to end security architecture was proposed and developed. In order for the security of the ACARS system to be complete it will amaze to maintain confidentiality, integrity and handiness to the information transmitted at all times, both in the communication channel between the aircraft and the ground and also in the ground network.On the end to end solutio n proposed in the article The Approach of ACARS Data Encryption and Authentication (5), The proposed security will be using isobilateral and asymmetric cryptograph, a hybrid system that could solve the line of works of using practiced one of the methods of cryptography, along with digital signatures to provide adequate privacy and integrity (5) to the messages. The issues that came up with the symmetric cryptography were that in order to communicate with each some other, a backbone had to be exchanged between the vector and the recipients of the message. This unusual see was designed to be known just by the sender and the recipient of the message in order to protect it from unauthorized users. This turn out to be very difficult to maintain secure due to the large number of users that are using ACARS to communicate. On the other hand, asymmetric cryptography was able to solve this problem but it required the use of a large size keys that led to a rather large core of bandw idth required just for the exchange of the keys that kept secure the communication, which was a problem due to the limited amount of bandwidth the ACARS system was designed to require.This hybrid system that was proposed, made use of a key derivation algorithm called elliptic skip Diffie-Hellman which is using an elliptic carousal and certain points in order to find the private key. By using the elliptic curve along with the private key, it was able to devolve the universe key of both the aircraft and the ground station (sender and recipient). By using this technique, the communication channel was secure because it was very difficult for the attacker to find the private key even though the exchange of public key is intercepted (5). For the receiver to be able to rewrite and use the private key a key derivation incline is needed which in this example is the MAC.In order to provide encoding to the data transmitted the AES algorithm is used in combination with the SHA 256 algo rithm. The number 256 after the SHA acronym means the length of the random binary sequence that is used as the key for the AES (5) algorithm.Due to the reason of the limited bandwidth that ACARS is designed to be using, the message data transmitted and the necessary data transmitted to provide security should be compressed as much as possible. In order to do so every letter, number or image will arrest to be encoded to a 6 musical composition stream during the encryption phase. In order for the recipient to be able to decode it and read the cover message, the MAC of the encrypted data will have to be read and be decrypted to an ACARS readable character. Also, the correct MAC value will have to be calculated in order for the message to be authenticated.During the testing phase of the above end to end security mechanism, eavesdropping was possible to be through but no actual data were able to be read, due to the AES that was used in the encryption of the message, so confidentiality was achieved. Privacy was also achieved because if the message was manipulated, the MAC value would have been changed and the recipient would have detected the change in value. Finally for the digital signature to be correct, the assumptions that the CA was fiducial had to be made.Wireless Communication SecurityDue to the reason that the main communication channel between the aircraft and the ground stations will constantly be receiving set, some necessary aspects of security will al ways have to exist in order to able to say that the channel is secure. check to the authors of the article (7), in order for a security protocol be acceptable, it must meet some urgencys. The first one is the mutual entity credential which is able to provide security by identifying the sender and the receiver. Also, the Asymmetric algorithms are very critical according to my opinion, regarding the key distribution that will allow the sender and the receiver authenticate each other messages. Next i n order to prevent unauthorised people to access the communication channel, the two parties must allot to the keys used and to be able to confirm them when needed along with being able to control them, maintain the key glowing (7) so no replay attacks could be performed and also to protect secrets of old communications in the case that an unauthorised person gains access to a session key. All the above aspects, in my opinion are critical in order to maintain privacy in the communication channel. match to the article (7) which I agree with, some compromises should be taken in order to have the security options made-to-order to the needs of your systems. In our case the ACARS system was designed to have a small amount of load in transmitting data and thus and IPsec with fixed pre-shared keys (7) would be very helpful because it has limited data exchanged in order to provide security. On the other hand, protocols based on asymmetric cryptosystems (7) are able to provide better secur ity but in a higher data load cost.Wireless Communication Threat ModelIn order to be able to provide better solutions in the wireless communication channel, we must be able to identify the threat that are possible to be faced during the transfer of data. In order to do so we must have a threat model that is tailored to our needs.In order to create a threat model, we must also know the adversaries capabilities. In the case of wireless networks according to the article (8) authors, which are the one that ACARS uses, the adversary usually has the ability to receive and transmit data (8), should be able to monitor the network and in order to do the previous two, he must have knowledge on how the network was setup. Commonly, if the attacker is able to eavesdrop a wireless, he will be able to inject traffic (8) into the network. All of the above capabilities in my opinion are depended to the knowledge he has and to the money he is willing to decease in order to be able to perform such ta sks.The main attacks he give the sack perform to a wireless network has to do with spoofing attacks (8), replay attacks (8) which I believe is easily solved by the in skunkdescence aspect of security, eavesdropping (8) compromise or introduction of nodes, wireless jamming (8) and finally a denial of service (8) attack by increasing super the load of the network.ACARS Security per HoneywellPer Honeywell, ACARS is using a message security system that is able to provide message authentication, confidentiality and data integrity, which are the basic aspects that need to be protected. Based on an ICAO papers regarding the security plan a public key infrastructure and other cryptographic algorithms are used in order to protect the data transmitted.More specifically, according to the ARINC condition 823 (4) the security of the messages is split in two different parts. The first part was published on 2007 and contains everything regarding the framework of the security, such as algorith ms, protocols and message formats. The blurb parts are about the key management of this security mechanism and was published 1 year later and contains information regarding the key liveliness cycle and the how a certificate is managed.Furthermore, two different security feed were developed and each of them had different characteristics regarding the mechanisms used in order to protect the data transmitted.The first one is called ATN/OSI Security and it was described in the ICAO document 9880. This kind of security foresight used digital signatures which uses the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman cryptographic algorithm combined with a SHA256 in order to generate and verify the signatures. As for Message authentication, it uses hashed MAC with a 32bit MAC length. A key agreement is used in order to share the public key that will then be used in order for the recipient to be able to derive the secret key and be able to decode the message sent.The second one is called ACARS Security ARI NC 823. This one also uses the digital signatures in order to sign the message and the specifications of the digitals signatures are similar to the first security foresight, making use of the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman algorithm combined with a SHA256 for the signature generation and verification. Again, for the message authentication a hashed MAC is being used but in this case the length of the MAC is not standard. It could be 32 bit, 64 bit or even 128 bit, with the default one to be the 32 bit. The main difference between the two security foresights is that the previous didnt require a confidentiality mechanism to be in place. On the other hand, this one uses for encryption and AES128 cipher algorithm that is mainly used to encrypt and decrypt the messages. Finally, the key establishment mechanism is similar on both security foresights, nitty-gritty that both of them use an elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman with SHA256 algorithm to provide the communication channel with a secret key agreement, shared public key and the derivation of the secret key.ThreatsAs the technology is improved, the computers become more powerful, leading in the implementation of better security mechanisms but also in increasing amount of computing power that possible attackers have in their hands. This along with the ability given to the public to be able to undercut the flights using the ADS-B can have possible backdoors that can threaten the safety of the flights. The main use of this surveillance technology is for the improvement of the safety and skill of the flights. This technology also lead to the creation of a web occupation and smartphone application, that gave the ability to anyone to be able to track any aircraft in the world that had this technology active. Anyone with a cheap hardware setup could receive the information sent to the ground by the aircrafts.If an attacker is able to intercept these signals, he is able to perform passive attacks like eavesdropping the co mmunications or furthermore, retard the response from the ATC (jamming) and finally send his response back (message injection), could leave behind in the attacker to be able to perform an active attack and come through the aircrafts navigation system. Another possible attack according the article (6) this attacks could result in the virtually modifying the trajectory of an aircraft (6). After the attacker, has gained access to the aircraft systems, he can receive information via the ACARS system. If the ACARS system is not protected correctly, the attacker will be able to exploit the systems and either insert false information to the avionics or just attach a virus or malware and have a constant access to the aircrafts avionics and information.Furthermore, the attacker could gain access to the FMS he will be able to mess with the navigation and flight supplying such as waypoints, altitudes, speeds, alternate the destination airport of the flight etc. This will result to the atta cker being in complete control of the aircraft, with the pilots not being able to do much in order to gain back the control of the aircraft.Although the ACARS system was updated regularly and the ACARS AMS was developed in order to provide end to end security, many airlines decided to not use it and instead provide some security by reconditeness (6), which according to my opinion could lead in more risks and better security because no one has tested the security algorithms that are used and therefore if there is any vulnerability in the security algorithm, the company will neer be aware of it, leaving the communication channel open to zero day attacks.The cost of the hardware needed to complete such an attack is not high. Using online shopping web applications or other sellers, the possible attacker will be able to buy the necessary hardware such as FMS hardware, air to ground transmitters, ACARS manager hardware and other hardware, in order to perform such an attack. By using one of the most known flight simulator software, combined with the necessary hardware and finally by exploiting any vulnerabilities in the security of ACARS and FMS systems, they can manage to gain control of the aircraft with low cost.There are many ways the attacker could gain access or perform attacks against the aircrafts. These ways may include attacks via the internet by exploiting bugs in web applications, vulnerabilities against software, SQL injections to databases or other vulnerabilities that are not fixed in mobile applications.There are two different threat models according to the authors of the article On recognition and reality in the wireless air traffic communication security (6). The two different threat models are the traditional aviation threat model (6) and the Modern threat model (6). The main difference between these two according the article are that the software-defined radios are widely available to the public and along with them to possible attackers and th e change between analogue instruments and digital instruments, with the second ones to give the ability to the users to transmit more data in electronic form. These could lead to an increase in the abilities hackers to eavesdrop, modify and inject data on the communications channel.The traditional threat model is used from when the first forms of communication were implemented in aviation. As years passed the communication channels were improved and the amount of data that was transmitted increased rapidly. The authors of the article specify the article as nave (6) of the reasons of inferior technological capabilities and financial capabilities, requirement of inside knowledge and the use of analog communication. (6). I can agree with their opinion because I believe that indeed the threat model is very old and due to the new technologies, along with the low cost of a setup that could allow to interfere with the communications of an aircraft, the risk will be much higher.The second threat model is the modern threat model. It has major changes from the first one due to the increased digitalisation and automation (6) of the aircrafts communication channels. Also, the increased technological capabilities (6) such as cheap hardware could lead to possible attacks that could not be performed when the first threat model was developed. Finally, people could easily gain aviation knowledge (6) from the internet, flight simulator software, which could increase the distressfulness of the attacks that could be performed. For the above reasons and from my own experience with aviation knowledge and flight simulator software, I would agree that this model is more up to date and more tailored to identify the threats that todays aircraft face.Concluding on the above-mentioned information, the aviation world and more specifically the security of the aircrafts, crews and passengers are far from safe. This is because even with the security measures that are already researched, th e airlines do not always implement them. Also, the technology required and the cost of acquiring such technology makes it easier for attackers to perform either passive or active attacks against aircrafts. The above when combined with the knowledge of an attacker can lead to great threats against the aircrafts.In order to maintain the aviation world safe, the need to reassess the risk of attacks under realistic system models and the development of appropriate countermeasures (6) should be identified and embraced along with new end to end security implementations are proposed and if approved implemented by airlines. such security mechanisms must be tested in order to be totally sure that all vulnerabilities are patched and that it will never have a backdoor that could allow an attacker to perform an attack.In my opinion in order to be able to be sure that a security mechanisms that will be placed is totally secure, we must first learn our adversaries, understand their capabilities, intentions, motive and upon all knowledge and financial state. Next, we must understand what passive and active attacks an adversary can perform. If we manage to understand the above aspects of our adversaries, then we must understand what has to be done in order to prevent them from launching an attack against the aircraft- ground communications channel and ground network.By having the necessary information about the adversaries and the protection mechanisms that we can implement, then we must evaluate those already implemented and find ways to enhance them.ReferencesSmith, M., M. Strohmeier, V. Lenders, and I. Martinovic. On the security and privacy of ACARS. (016 Integrated Communications water travel and Surveillance (ICNS)) 1-27. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System. Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System SKYbrary Aviation Safety. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2017.Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS ). Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2017.Olive, Michael . ACARS Message Security (AMS) as a Vehicle for Validation of ICAO Doc. 9880 set off IV-B Security Requirements. Proc. of ICAO ACP WG-M Meeting, Belgium, Brussels. N.p. n.p., n.d. 1-12. Print.Yue, M., and X. Wu. The Approach of ACARS Data Encryption and Authentication. 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (2010) 556-60. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Strohmeier, Martin, Matthias Schafer, Rui Pinheiro, Vincent Lenders, and Ivan Martinovic. On Perception and world in Wireless Air Traffic Communication Security. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (2016) 1-20. Web.Akram, genus Raja Naeem, Konstantinos Markantonakis, Keith Mayes, Pierre-Francois Bonnefoi, Damien Sauveron, and Serge Chaumette. Security and performance comparison of different secure channel protocols for Avionics Wireless Networks. 2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) (2016) n. pag. Web.Akram, Raja Naeem, Konstantinos Markantonakis, Royal Holloway, Sharadha Kariyawasam, Shahid Ayub, Amar Seeam, and Robert Atkinson. Challenges of security and trust in Avionics Wireless Networks. 2015 IEEE/AIAA 34th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) (2015) n. pag. Web.Network Graphic. Digital image. ATC Data Link News. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.

Causes of Workplace Accidents

Causes of Workplace hazardsWorkplace accidents atomic number 18 generally caused by the unsecured behaviour of employees and the unsafe state of objects (Shi Wenwen, et al., 2011). In the former(prenominal), rootle causes of those accidents were reported in the main in margins technological malfunctions and the forgiving element tended to be do by (Gordon, 1998). Technology and systems have become more reliable and the frequency of technological adversitys has diminished, there is little uncertainty today that mankind errors contribute to the absolute majority of prophylactic incidents indoors high insecurity industries (Baysari, et al., 2009 Skalle, 2014).The current research on the toyplace accidents document that military personnel errors be the root cause of up to 80% of incidents in high risk industries (Liping, 2003 Cullen and Anderson, 2005 Garret and Teizer, 2009 Ganguly, 2011 Quanmin, et al., 2011). As fence (1997) indicated in an earlier research, it is e xpected, because human decisions and actions are not only compound in accidents, but also in the build, construction, operation, maintenance and counselling of difficult systems.The significance of human factors contribution to safety has been demonstrated all over the past two decades by the often-quoted examples of the contribution of human failures to the major accidents in spite of appearance the operation industry such as Bhopal, Piper Alpha, Texas City refinery blowup, Esso Longford gas explosion and Texaco Milford Haven explosion (Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel, 2004).Given this demonstration, it is astounding that the importance of human factors in the safety trouble has not yet been extensively acknowledged inwardly the high risk industries in the Middle East. there are merely every literatures exist inside the Middle East on the relevancy of human factors in safety management. Some elements of human factors such as training and motivation had always been received a ttention within the rock oil and gas industry however, they have been deliberately managed as part of an merged safety management system or with the rigour that their contribution to the risk requires.The term human error is defined in several literatures (Norman, 1981 drive, 1990 Sanders and McCormick, 1993 Salmon, et al., 2005). sympathy (1990, p.9) defined human error as a generic term to encompass all those occasions in which a planned era of mental or physical activities fails to achieve its intended step upcome, and when these failures cannot be attributed to the hitch of some chance agency. Salmon, et al. (2005, p.5) defined human error as any mental or physical activity, or failure to perform activity, that leads to each an undesired or unacceptable outcome. Dhillon Liu (2006) and Shi Wenwen, et al. (2011) point out that the causes of human errors are complicated, and the basic reasons can be ones own unsafe psychological activities, physiological factors, environme ntal factors, insufficient safety training, poor externalise factors and inadequate procedures.The term human factor is often referred as the sop up that runs done the safety management system, the organisation for safety and the culture of a site (Cullen and Anderson, 2005). Cacciabue (2004, p.12) defined human factors as the technology concerned with the abstract and optimisation of the relationship between people and their activities, by the integrating of human sciences and engineering in systematic applications, in consideration for cognitive aspects and socio-technical functional contexts. The fall in Kingdom, Health and Safety Executive (HSE) defined human factors as environmental, organisational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety (HSE, 2005, p.5 Ganguly, 2011, p.14).Hughes Kornowa-Weichel (2004) and Cullen Anderson (2005) highlight that it is important to integrate h uman factors from the early stages of process design and procedural development to reduce human failures. Hamilton, et al. (2013, p.5) state that human factors integration is the principal method for applying human factors to the development of socio-technical systems across safety full of life industries. In this way, the integration helps to ensure that human factors methods and principles are applied appropriately and consistently during the system development in order to achieve a safe and effective design for end users.McLeod (2004) indicates that human factors maturity judicial decision of an organisation should be in terms of what action organisation takes to inform the human contribution to incidents and the impact on the health of the workplace through the way it designs the equipment and implements its associated training and procedures.On the whole, the above discussed literatures put forward the convey that management systems, tools and equipment of an organisation to be designed with the potential capabilities and limitations of people in mind to run it safely and effectively as people are the integral and key features of the business systems. Therefore, the best practices of human failure stripe can only be attained when human factors are combine into the procedural and system development phase rather than considering as a stand-alone activity. For this reason, the success rate of human failure prevention loosely depends on the level of human factors integration into the health and safety management system of that organisation.Background to the organisationLamprell Energy Limited (LEL) is a lede provider of diversified engineering and contracting services to the onshore and onshore oil and gas and renewable energy industries. Based in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) and with the operations throughout the region, Lamprell has played a prominent role in the development of the energy industry within the Middle East for over 35 years. Lamp rell has established a leading market position in the construction, commissioning and installation of rigs, process modules and top sides. The primary facilities of Lamprell are primed(p) in Hamariya, Sharjah and Jebel Ali all of which are located within the U.A.E. The facilities cover nigh 910,000 m2 with 2.2 km of quayside. The organisation employs approximately 2400 employees in the Jebel Ali facility where the research was conducted.Reason for the dissertationHealth and safety is a core value within Lamprell businesses and a strong health and safety culture exist within the group. The health and safety management system is accredited by the occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 180012007 standard. Surveillance audits are carried out by Bureau Veritas, a global leader in the management systems certification with a strong presence within the U.A.E.Kelvin fleet Set root cause abbreviation tool and problem solvent methodology is used within the organisation fo r the investigation of workplace incidents. This ensures that the root causes of all incidents reported within the organisation are systematically identified.An analysis carried out on all the lost time, restricted work, medical intervention accidents and root causes reported in the last 3 years within the Jebel Ali facility of Lamprell reveals that the accidents caused by the human failures are at an alarming rate. There were no fatalities reported during this period within the organisation. It was confirmed that accidents are classified advertisement based on the similar reporting criteria across all terzetto years to ensure consistency of collected data. foresee 1. Total Accident Frequency site (AFR) and Human Failure Accident Frequency Rate from January 2011 to December 2013.Figure 2. The causes of human failure accidents from January 2011 to December 2013.As Figure 1 indicates, there was a rise in AFR in 2012 compared to 2011 and indeed dropped in 2013. Human failures cont ributed 76%, 82% and 83% to the total AFR in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. The causes of these human failure accidents were retrieved from Lamprells Single Incident Reporting brass (SIRS) and illustrated in Figure 2. The pie chart shows that over half the human failure accidents were due to the noncompliance of procedures, poor competency and environmental factors. The high human failure accident rate and the nature of the causes of these failures are self-explanatory for assessing the human factors integration into the health and safety management system of Lamprell.

The Millennium Development Goals

The m threateningennium evolution designsThe millenary Development stopping points (MDGs) were concord upon at the Millennium Summit in family line 2000. More heads of supposes (189 landed estates) and governments came together than ever before, a benchmark in itself. They promise to work together to make a better world for all by 2015. Unanimously signing adopting a package, objectiveed at eradicating social injustices inequalities utter about(prenominal) poverty, getting all kids to prepare, including girls gender equality, fighting maternal deathrate and minor mortality, reversing the AIDS pandemic ensuring sustainable instruction in an environmental sense. These committing nations agreed upon a new global partnership to en received these goals were met and shape come on a series of time bound butt joints, with a deadline to be met by 2015. The MDGs atomic number 18 the more or less ambitious and intimately broadly supported knowledge goals ever to be esta blished.The Millennium Development Goals are a circumscribe of eight goals, which pledge to liberate men, women and electric razorren from the dehumanising conditions of extreme poverty and make the enough to information a reality for everyone. Listed below are the eight goals Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerGoal 2 Achieve universal primary educationGoal 3 force gender equality and empower womenGoal 4 Reduce child mortalityGoal 5 Improve maternal healthGoal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesGoal 7 turn back down environmental sustainabilityGoal 8 Develop a global compact for DevelopmentThe eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators. The MDGs are more than just goals, they are bump inton to fork up an overarching poser for the development efforts, and benchmarks against which to judge success (Health and the millennium development goals By World Health Organization). They set out a net precise agenda as to what is required to help realise the goals. individually goal has been designed so that it is balmy to understand, easy to implement and easy to measure in order to help better the lives of the impoverished slew of the world. The fact that MDGs are concrete, time bound and deliberately designed to be measurable (which lends to a sense of accountability) makes the MDGs feel more tangible volume everywhere can immediately relate to them they speak to the immediate concerns and sanctioned needs of everyone globally. Measurability is seen as an integral characteristic of the MDGs, it is through this that the join Nations is able to assess how close it is to achieving one of the most ambitious contract accords in its history. Furthermore, this also deals to governments macrocosmness held accountable for any irregularities that may initiate or for failure to implement successfully the eight MDGs within their nation states. The MDGs reflect an unprecedented commitment by the worlds leaders to tackle the most basic forms of injustice and inequality in our world poverty, illiteracy and ill health. (Health and the millennium development goals By World Health Organization). The importance of the MDGs cannot be overstated. Firstly, as set out in the Millennium Summit the aim of the MDGs is to liberate the billion plus stack who currently live in extreme poverty. A common proverb the world over is the prof apply get richer whilst the little get poorer. However, with the MDGs it seems that the stigmatisation on the richer nations is slowly being rendered obsolete. Secondly, cut the number of multitude in poverty matters for security and stability. question shows, for recitation, that a negative shock on income egress increases the probability of a civil war substantially (United Nations Millennium Development Project 2005) (Financial empyrean development and the Millennium Development Goals By Stijn Claessens, Erik Feijen). A prime example is that of the ever worsening situation in Sudans Darfur region, where the scarcity of sanitised pee has seen just about of the worst humanitarian crisis of the 21st Century, with more than 200,000 Darfuris dead and 2 million having fled their homes. Thirdly, economic wealth for the poor creates new worldwide growth opportunities, by opening new consumer markets and commercial activity the 4 to 5 billion underserved people are estimated to represent economic opportunity of $13 trillion (Financial sector development and the Millennium Development Goals By Claessens. S, Feijen. E). arguably the biggest stumbling block for poorer nations being futile to attain the seventh MDG of ensuring environmental sustainability, is completely down to the developed nations insistency on tariffs, quotas subsidies. All of which have make it extremely difficult for maturation nations to earn a living on their produce.The message the MDGs are trying embed in our minds is, that the issues being face around the world are not the sole responsibility of the heads of states of the evolution nations or developed nations, but it is a collective responsibility that the people of this world must share and be held accountable for. The biggest problem is that heads of state and ministers often go to gatherings, sign something incredible, and then they take the plane back from the UN to return to business as usual. It takes all of us to achieve these goals, this is excruciatingly important because we have to make our governments accountable for the promises they have make. Government later on government and country after country after country. The UN is able to provide a platform but it does not have any pecker to force compliance. So it falls upon us, in civil societies who are the most important campaigners. We put the politicians and leaders in power to give us a voice and so we must in turn use our voices to make the governments enforce the MDGs and implement a plan for achieving them by the target date of 2015.Successful implementation of the MDGs with the right guidance can lead to some concrete results. If we take a look at some midway progression figures taken from the European Commission on Development File, then we can clearly see the impact the MDGs have made in the lives of millions of people. Some Impressive Progress120 million people out of poverty between 2000 and 2005, or 2.4 per cent annual vanish2 million lives saved through reduced child mortality30 million additional 6 12 children going to school30 million additional families having access to drinking water systemBoys and girls in equal numbers in primary schoolHowever, the progress being made is vastly uneven and still too slow in some areas of the world. The reason for the decrease in global poverty is for the most part due to rapid growth in giant Asian countries such as China, India Indonesia. Yet on the other hand, achieving goals such as reducing child mortality rates and access to sanitis ed water seem way further off track. Furthermore, there seems to be besotted inconsistencies across regions and countries in implementing the MDGs, with countless growth countries projected not to meet most of them.While ambitious the MDGs are considered achievable. The Millennium Project has argued that for the offset time in history the world is rich enough to obviate extreme poverty. The Millennium Project calculated that achieving the MDGs requires funds equal to 0.5 share of Gross National Product (GNP) of developed countries (Financial sector development and the Millennium Development Goals By Stijn Claessens, Erik Feijen). This highlights an important fact, that if implemented and rigorously followed through, the developed countries have enough resources to help eradicate extreme poverty. The rich countries have neer been richer. But the efforts that they are doing in terms of giving aid to poor countries is, in terms of percentages of national wealth, less than it was t en, twenty or thirty years ago. It is not just financial assistance that needs to be rectified too many poor countries in Africa are stipendiary far more back to the rich countries for old debts, than they can establish to pay for the primary health and education of their people. Debt relief must be provided to ensure that developing countries are not forgoing the money for development to help them make their repayments. Furthermore, the trade barriers make it impossible for farmers in developing countries to make a living. In Europe farmers are subsidised to the consummation that they produce more than they can ever swallow and then they bullshit the excess on the markets in poor African countries. In the US the problem is all too similar, where cotton subsidies have led to the disclose of world prices for cotton. West African countries that produce cotton are unable to sell their stuff produce anymore. If and when these trade issues are rectified, then unless can the develop ing countries seriously think of progressing their development through the MDGs. certaintyThe MDGs came about through the mutual agreement of the worlds leaders from developed nations to developing nations, each having their own role to play in aiming to help improve the lives of billions of impoverished people. They agreed upon eight goals, covering poverty, hunger, health, child mortality, womens rights, the environment and a global partnership on development. It is the primary responsibility of the poorer countries to achieve the offset seven goals. They must do more to integrate the MDGs into their policies, plans and budgets and translate them into run for the poor. There is a need for more transparency and accountability so the progress being made, or lack of, is clear for all to see so allows for the people to hold their governments accountable for the promises they made. The MDGs are mutually binding, so the poor countries cannot achieve their first seven goals unless ric h countries fulfil their responsibilities set out in goal eight Develop a Global Partnership for Development. The developed countries need to give more and to make sure what they are giving is used more effectively. They also need to hold out more debt relief and increase trade opportunities for poor countries by reducing tariffs and subsidies to agriculture which deny farmers from poor countries their best chance of earning a decent living.The importance of the Millennium Development Goals, is to implement a clear framework from which the world is able to reduce the social injustices and inequalities. It is to get the minds and mouths of the ordinary psyche working so they continue to strive to achieve the goals, way beyond the expectations of politicians. Their attainment, which is possible, lies in the hands of every single individual.

Pestel Analysis Of Various Factors Eu Matters Economics Essay

Pestel Analysis Of Various Factors Eu Matters Economics EssayThe fiscal markets argon the pivotal function of a late scrimping. By aiming towards an change magnitude take of integration, there pull up stakes be a to a greater extent effectual allocation of sparing resources and long condition sparing per leapance (atomic number 63an guardianship, 2005). It has thusly been the EUs policy to complete a single market in financial operate (being a crucial part of the pileus of Portugal Economic abut1) for addressing EUs global competitiveness.Since the economic crash and subsequent global crisis there take everywhere been calls for closer supervise of the financial sy cannon and better EU coordination. With the visitation of the Lisbon St tempogy appearlined in 2000 (Wyplosz, 2010), umpteen parties has urged a relook at the model featurely with the global economic crisis afflicting the EU. With the collapse of US investiture bank Lehman Br separates in September 200 8, there has been no shortage of politicians hasten to describe what is to be done antitheticly in the financial ara in future (Dullien Herr, 2010).The financial crisis has made it clear that the financial markets be in clear enquire of reforms and a far much(prenominal) impressive dominion to govern the future festering of the financial markets in the EU. firearm the topic has now focused on the Eurozone crisis, the financial market regulation at both national and EU level, has been experiencing a great mitt of changes for which approximately of the important aras of the EU market regulation, ongoing process and nigh signifi masst aims evaluated. The strength and confidence in financial markets volition indispens strength to be re-established as pointed out by the Director General (2010).The atomic number 63an Commission has presented several(prenominal) draft directives that is undergoing evaluation by the decision qualification bodies around Europe. Unlike th e US, the EU has had several attempts in victimizeonising the financial markets (through the Lisbon Process) albeit not entirely successful. While all the financial institutions in Europe argon very closely linked to privately other, there has been a omit of a uniform basic regulation for financial watchfulness as national brasss t final stage to pursue those which is in the best involution of their country rather than the region. This because al diminisheded institutions from neighbouring countries to enter into run a risky transactions in those markets with tight supervision but greater access of capital. The European Commissions directives atomic number 18 now letting several of the directives be considered for legislative purposes.Higher capital requirements for banks.Establishment of an European ratings agency that independently evaluate securities of hold outrs.New rules for Derivatives merchandise and SecuritisationCreation of a European System for Financial Super vision with a Risk Board being set up alongside those issues requisite instructions to national supervisory authorities.This however entrust be a challenge to the EU as such measures would potentially affect the reign of individual national governments to pursue internecine policies, something which several European nations ar not willing to give in as seen in the Greek crisis. Such directives are not expected to be introduced by end 2010 with expectations gathering that these directives themselves will be watered down from its original form qualification it toothless for enforcement purposes (Dullien Herr, 2010).Business CyclesDespite glide path out of the box in the 3rd Quarter of 2009 (European Commission, 2010), confidence in the labor is comparatively minor despite the positive deformth generated compared to 2008. Current momentum signify that recovery of economic activity will enshroud in coming months although the European Commission has cautioned on the fra gility state (European Commission, 2010)Insert Graph 2Consumer celestial sphere wise, confidence improved from its compensate in May 2010 with unemployment fears receding and a globally positive optimism on the general economic situation. This however remain on a lower floor the long term average which reflect the cautious cerebration adopted by consumers.Insert Graph 3Beyond the rebound, recovery is proving to be sluggish than in past cases. The EU, like other developed economies will contest with its aftermath for some cartridge clip in the future (European Commission, 2010)Savings swanSavings rate are generally highschooler amongst several EU nations as compared to US home in general (Harvey, 2004). There has been a decline in recent familys as per researcher Tina Aridas (2010) from the planetary Finance Magazine, the magazine hasd stated that between 2007 and 2008, the European Unions family deliver rate was lower than in the euro athletic field, over overdue pr imarily to the low salvage rates in the UK and the Baltic countries. The US saving rate was low compared with both the EU and the euro area. With the passing of the worst effects of the global crisis from 2008, EU households are again faced with the Euro confidence crisis that constraints the regions ability to recover accelerated than other regions (as it struggles to with unemployment, high deficits and generally bearish economic prospects outlook) (IMF, 2010). The general household will now need to brace themselves for pass on cuts in income as major EU ingredient nations transports on tough public outgo cuts (Traynor, 2010). Recovery European economies are expected to be gradual and jagged as about of the savings gain from budgets cuts is utilised for loan refund for the past debts incurred.SOCIALDemographicsBased on the latest 2008 projections done by the Commission of the European Communities (EUR-LEX), the EU is facing un agented changes in the populations. This gro wing would represent a challenge for the governments to re shot and adapt real policies as it continues to shape the favorable structure of the EU population. Demographic ageing, i.e. the subjoin in the proportion of older people, is above all the result of signifi sackt economic, brotherly and medical checkup progress giving EU citizens the opportunity to live a long life in comfort and security which is not without precedent in the regions history (EUR-LEX, 2006). This has survive one of the main challenges for the EU as the following demographic trends ob lotd throughout the element countries with various magnitudes. natality rate Fertility rate at the last estimates for 2008 by EUR-LEX stands at just over 1.5 children with a vanedment forecast 1.57 by 2030 (2009, p.21). In all EU countries, the fertility rate would likely remain below the natural replacement rate of 2.1 births per woman that is needed in score for each generation to replace itself. A period of slow gro wth and in more or less cases- actual decline in the population of running(a) age in the region will constraint countries ability to grow from within (due to human capital constraint).Mortality rate The Life foretaste has been rising steadily since the 20th Century, with an change magnitude of two and a fractional years per decade in the countries around the world holding the participate of highest life expectancy (EUR-LEX, 2008). The EU projects that life expectancy for male would increase by 8.5 years over the projection period, from 76 Years earlier in 2008 to 84.5 by 2060 (EUR-LEX, 2009). For the female, life expectancy at birth would increase by 6.9 years, from 82.1 in 2008 to 89 in 2060, marking a change life expectancy gap between both genders. Most of these increases in life expectancy itself (from birth) will come from recent EU component states (Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia etc). Children in the EU today will face a high chance of living to their 80s or 90s in the long term curiously if they are from Western Europe with mid-high socio-economic status. elucidate Migration Migration already plays a preponderant role in population growth today in mevery Member States, the size of net migration determines whether the population tranquil grows or has entered a stage of decline (EUR-LEX, 2009). Annual net inflows to the EU are expect to total 59 million people, of which the bulk (46.2 million) would be concentrated in the euro area. The trend according to the EUR-LEX subscribe, assumes that this will decelerate over the projection period, dropping from about 1,680,000 people in 2008 (equivalent to 0.33% of the EU population) to 980,000 by 2020 and thereafter to some 800,000 people by 2060 (0.16% of the EU population). Interviews conducted with respondent concur with the migration trend noting that the go along need for foreign talent to drive further economic growth in the EU. It is therefore only a matter of time for EU to work towa rds a harmonised migration policy for its member states to consider for ensuring a sustainable growth between its own EU citizens with those from outside non-EU countries.Net migration flows are assumed to be concentrated in a a few(prenominal) destination countries Italy, Spain, Germany, and the UK. Making full use of the global labour lend through net migration will be progressively important and requires ensuring that immigrants are effectively integrated into the EUs economy and society for today and the future. preparationEducation and training retain an important place in the Lisbon strategy for jobs and growth (European Commission, 2009). EUR-LEX studies expect that the ratio of children and young people to the working-age population will shrink over the coming decade. Nonetheless, the grooming and training systems in the EU are generally improving. The EU benchmark2on mathematics, science and applied science graduates was already reached before 2005. New growth has be en registered in maths, science and engineering science graduates which were more(prenominal)(prenominal) than the original target set. Although good, benchmarks on early school leaving, completion of upper secondary education and lifelong learning were the opposite with literacy rate amongst young children on the decline. The respective countries will now need more effective national effective to address this fall.Entrepreneurial SpiritThe Commission defines Entrepreneurship as the mind set and process needed to create and develop economic activity by blending risk-taking, creativity and/or innovation with estimable management, within a late or an existing organisation (EurActiv.Com, 2004). SMEs are considered the backbone of the European economy, providing jobs for millions of European citizens and are the basis for economic innovation. punt in 2004, conditions for SMEs and start-up companies are not as favorable in the EU as they are in the US making entrepreneurial orifi ce and risk-taking less developed. EU citizens are intimately evenly divided in their preference for being self-employed or having employee status with many salve preferring the comfort of being a salaried employee (European Commission, 2009). In general results showed that from 2007 to 2009, EU citizens view on entrepreneurs are mixed with almost all countries more likely to agree that entrepreneurs are only concerned with profit or that they exploited other peoples work to their own benefit. The population in general prefer to either save the money or use it to spoil a house or to repay their mortgage rather embark on risk taking ventures that threaten their way of life.The high level of migrants from countries to particularly wealthy EU Member States will however serve to showcase the entrepreneurial spirit in the economy. As many go in with the intention of making a better life for themselves and their families, the majority of the SMEs arising comes mainly from this group o f people, there will originally be no lack of such entrepreneurial spirit in the EU in the nearly future.Lifestyle changesRecent evidence shows that in industrialised countries people do not only enjoy longer life expectancy, but they are also experiencing better health conditions in old age due to both healthier lifestyles and more effective pharmaceuticals allowing people with inveterate diseases to chink the adverse effects of illness (European Commission, 2009). The continuing improvements of the populations healthy ageing in the EU reflect the desire for a sustainable lifestyles, healthy surroundings amongst the people moving forward. With the Maastrich Treaty, the explicit mentioning of public health as an area of competence of the EU reinforces the expectation that having a sustainable, healthy lifestyle will be the way forward for the EU. Clearly, pharmaceutical doses ( open or otherwise) will continue to provide a vital service to the EU population.Changing household and family trends need to be taken into account as the number of low income, single parent families increases. As a result of the higher sake of woman in the work force (either due to higher education or contribute to existing family income), the economic crisis along with the spending cuts instituted at present is expected to create a more prudent, budget orientated household as the situation forces families to rein in their spending for essentials. kempt lifestyles will sire a more viable daily apply as a preventive measure against sickness as compared to incur medical bills in the household due to illness.Social MobilityA guileless meaning on the term social mobility refers to the degree to which an individual or groups status is able to change in terms of position in the social hierarchy. Population with the greatest access to education and adopting a more tolerant, if not more open attitude towards the society will ladder to experience a higher level of social improvemen t (Blanden et al, 2005). Historically, the EU social mobility are mixed based on Blandens research study (2005) and Breen (2004) as countries like the UK and Ireland seen as generally more rigid with any mobility associated with parental income and educational attainment. Over the years since the formation of the EU, the mass migration of citizens with different social background has presented a punishingy task in further upgrading their mobility within the society. With the economic crisis, the younger generations in EU member states will now struggle to scale upward especially with the loss of family income and contain government reassert marking a risk that any bout of poverty that an individual household will face is repeated. This is more so as essential cost such as health concern becomes more costly towards a household attempts toward improving living standards eyepatch aiming to scale towards a better way of life for themselves.Altitude towards generic wine wines vs procure dosesOur question with Dr. David Lu and subsequent research revealed that the acceptance of generic drug by patients throughout EU are different. Since the mid-1990s, dispensing of generic drugs has been largely different amongst member states of the EU with countries like UK, Germany, Sweden and Netherlands having a wide acceptance of generic medicines dole out in its health care system (WHO, 1997) as compare to France, Italy and Belgium. Based on our discussion, these were due to the perception build in patients mind on the generics effectualness and reimbursement incentives given to doctors and pharmacists for sale of these crossroads. This has remained a barrier by many in the generic business towards successfully penetrating the market. Researchers have pointed out on the need for a harmonised pricing mechanism to help generics manufacturers declare higher market share (Burgermeister,2006). All interviewees are however, sceptical of such standardisation and are i n agreement that such step by the EU will be unlikely owing to the different political, social and cultural environment that EU members are. Generic drug manufacturers will need to continue tailoring different marketing strategies to increase patients trust in their products accordingly and not adopt a standard approach for the member states if it intends to compete effectively for the market share.TECHNOLOGYRecent engine room victimizationsIn this modern age, the pace of technological changes is accelerating at a rapid pace. The generic drug industry is of no exception with the following technological factors that presently in the limelight.InternetThe further rapid expansion of the internet to overbold retail lines such as online pharmacies or also known as mail-order pharmacy has enabled patients to consider a cheaper alternative to purchase medicines. Such services would tend to promote generic alternatives through offering of price and product range comparativeness when pa tients access their websites. Whilst the cost and convenience aspects have long been an dinky feature for the online aspect of this business, several worrying factors have emerged as a result.Counterfeit medicineThis problem was first addressed in 1985 (pharmaceutic Technology Europe, 2010) in the World Health Organisation (WHO) meeting with experts. With the explosion of e-commerce from the year 2000, the problem has increased substantially with the magnitude exhausting to access due to the variety of the information sources available (WHO, 2010). While the European Commission proposed several features to be present on the medicines (i.e. mass serialisation, seals etc) (British Generics Association, 2010), counterfeit medicine form a growing threat. Currently, counterfeiters tend to focus on expensive patent drugs rather than generics but as global acceptance on online acquire increases, counterfeit drugs are increasingly being detected in the cede chain marking a issue of con cern for generic manufacturers as any products discovered as counterfeit can easily harm patient confidence in the generic brand besides endangering lifes. As over 50% of the medicines purchased online are found to be counterfeit (WHO, 2010), monitoring of counterfeit drugs particularly those purchase from cyberspace has become a destiny for the pharmaceutical industry.Patient Data ProtectionUsage of online purchasing for medicines by patients on illegitimate sites has resulted in the risk of private and personal health information being disclosed publically to unscrupulous operators (Berstein, 1999). The issue of spamming has become a major concern for most internet users as as well as for the sick and vulnerable patients that choose to source cheaper medication which in this case, is the generic drugs available. Private health and financial information (i.e. credit card numbers) can be compromised to criminals that puts the pharmaceutical companies with bad publicity should any thing occurs.New Products and Research Development (RD) ExpenditureIncreasingly, the RD spending by the pharmaceutical industry has been on a decline forcing leading drug manufacturers to rely on existing lines of drugs for taxation generation (Kollewe, 2010). Based on a report by CMR internationalist disclosed in The Guardian brand-newspaper, the level of RD spending had slipped by 0.3% in 2009 following a 6.6% drop in 2008, marking an increasingly difficult period as leading pharmaceutical companies shows only 7% of gross sales originating from new drug launched in the past 5 years. A decline in the success rates for new drugs to be introduced into the market is a major factor as the industry faces a patent drop cloth3 for which generic manufacturers will increasingly benefit. In recognition of this, pharmaceutical groups have embarked on MA routes with smaller firms, joint ripening with academic institutions / commercial message competitors for new drugs while reducing co sts incurring activity. Introduction of smash hit drugs such as Pfizers Lipitor has been stagnant with generic drug makers from India and china crowding the pharmaceutical scene making it tougher to incur healthy margins that cash in hand RD expenditures for future drugs.Preventive HealthcareAs stated in an interview with Ms Angela Farrell (2010), preventive health care would a normal trend as medical cost continues to increase. As with having more elderly people in the population anywhere now in the EU at present, the prevalence of chronic and serious medical conditions remains on the rise. It is therefore no surprise that this becomes an area for further focus by the state government that seeks to control its existing healthcare budget (Hewitt Associates, 2010). Unlike the US healthcare system, EU states adopts a universal provision of heath care with at least, the basic terms of heath care, provided free to its citizens (Przywara, 2010). Therefore the WHO has pointed out th at if not successfully prevented and managed, they will become the most expensive problems faced by our health care systems (WHO, 2010). Because several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases are linked by common preventable risk factors, healthcare authorities around the world (including EU) has found it more efficient to put preventive practices into action rather than continue with responsive-oriented healthcare. Other than providing information, education, programmes and support to those in risk-groups and the general population, Ms Angela has provided us several useful insights into the other developments in this segment.Genomics testingSince the discovery of DNA and the associated study of it, this has been marked as one of the major breakthroughs in inherited testing (Amgen Scholars, 2009). Utilising technological advances over the years, genomics testing allows for a more-accurate diagnosis of genetic diseases and there fore facilitates early discussion at an earlier stage. It also provides patients with both an understanding of possible risks for certain diseases and possible preventive measures long before the diseases even forms within a humans body. Genomics testing in Europe however, suffers from a lack of general acceptance as compared to the US (Ramanathan, 2008) owing to the protection laws political science the genetic data obtained from such test. The processing of genetic data in Europe has been subjected to stronger protection as provided in the in the Directive 95/46/EC and the national laws of the EU member states implementing it (Ramanathan, 2008). However, as EU residents healthcare cost mounts, the development of an integrated knowledge base combining the insights of sciences, arts and social sciences will be required to inform policy and to plan for the rational implementation of new healthcare services. EU health communities has accepted the benefits of genomics testing for healthcare prevention with the need for a strong integrated, interdisciplinary European links to manage the sheer volume and complexity of this appear genomic knowledge, and the speed of technological development (EUPHA, 2010). The EU themselves has viewed genomics in a more positive manner as seen in one of its main approximation for the Sixth Framework Programme (that funds research work on genomic studies on diseases) to exploit this knowledge to human health besides economy growth benefit (CORDIS, 2009). Genomics testing will continue to grow as more benefits are uncovered from researchers in the EU with long term plans by the EC being provided towards nurturing such growth.There are dual benefits for both pharmaceutical and generic makers as pointed out by Philips et al (2004). According to the research carried out, genomics is likely to provide a multitude of new drug targets, enable the development of drugs that avoid problematic genetic variants in drug-metabolizing enzym es, and increase the development of preventive interventions for patients identified as being at higher risk for future disease (Philips et al, 2004, p.428). Interviewee, Ms Angela has pointed out the busy of many in the medical field to create a more targeted form of discussion. Genomics allows this as it allow drug therapies with greater efficiency and safety, which of run leads to higher price due to the added value it brings to patients. Genetic profiling in patients enrolled during the early testing phase for drugs will allow for shorter testing time that can increased approval chances with the health authorities. Drugs that previously were unsuccessful can be re-examined by targeting them to patients with specific genetic profiles i.e. niche drugs. Generic drug makers will eventually benefit as such avenues open wider markets for patients upon release of patents or if possible, spurn development of niche drugs rather than reliance on original drug makers.Drug delivery syst emAn area that has become increasingly popular within the pharmaceutical industry based on interviews with Ms Angela and Mr. Gregor. It is reported that at present, failure of drugs clinical trial are mainly through the failure to deliver the compounds to the area it is needed most without going through some interaction with the human body along the way (Cientifica,2007). It is therefore considered a very valuable and important development for any technology that enables direct delivery of drug compounds without triggering any or no side-effects on the patients. One of the EU market focus is presently on the nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery system for patients. While there are delivery system using laser, injection, spray being practiced, nano particles are receiving particular attention owing to more development going on in this field. Drug development is a very costly affair for patent holders especially with the decline of new drugs being uncovered each year. many another(p renominal) new scale biotech companies have become acquisition targets owing to piercing engage towards this subject.The future of nanotechnology is in a completely uncharted territory. It is almost impossible to predict everything that nanoscience will bring to the world considering that this is such a young science field today (Nanogloss, 2009). The field however is viewed as a revolutionary advancement but potentially controversial with its ability to bring materials to life. Religious and ethical issues aside, scientist are hoping that the further understanding of this technology would contribute towards improving population heathcare globally in future. If successful, pharmaceutical companies would view it as its next line of income as existing drug making expertise dry up.BiotechnologyWith 20% of new drugs launched from market each year derive from bioengineering (EFPIA, 2009), the biotechnology field has long been a promising development for the medical and healthcare pur pose. Areas such as pharmacogenomics, nanotechnology, stem cells and gene therapy are becoming part a growing tenseness by medical professions. With a vision of improving design and takings of drugs within a humans genetic makeup, this has become a new alternative for medicine as previous reliance on radiation pattern drugs (through use of chemical reactions) for treating illness have become scarce and increasingly difficult to produce. Using biomedicine, which create drugs based on the living molecules that are associated with specific genes and diseases, EU scientists under the JRC-EU4in 2007 has pointed out encouraging responds towards treatment of genetically inherited diseases such as hepatitis B, cancer and diabetes. JRC further pointed out the human medicine and heathcare are the most prominent field for modern biotechnology with a high share of publications and patents targeted towards this sector (2007).The direct and confirmative elements of RD works for biotechnology would add towards EUs GVA5and improving state of heath for EU citizens as part of the context of the ECs objective of making the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion (JRC-EU, 2007, p.5). many researches suggest that biotechnology can offer patients more and better healthcare choices. The biomedical healthcare industry is viewed as the pharmaceutical industrys external RD sum of money and source of product innovation (EMCC, 2005).However, the strength of the biomedical healthcare industry differs widely between European countries. As of 2003, the UK is considered to have the most mature industry as compared to other EU states (EMCC, 2005) but this has narrowed as other EU states nurtures their own industry. This is due to availability of more resources (both human and capital) increases over the years.At this time, there has been a lack of attempts towar ds producing generic versions of the biotechnology drugs. Many of these drugs are very expensive because they are so difficult to produce owing to complex molecules involved (Montgomery, 2009). Furthermore, regulatory guidelines are still lacking on existing bio-medicines due to the different arrangement governing both the US and EU member states (Manley, 2006). However as expertise and experience continue to grow (especially with the campaign by EGAs biosimilar drugs), it would be a matter of time before biotechnology because part of the patient healthcare in the EU and the world.Incremental Disruptive technologiesTo practitioners in the drug industry, incremental (or sustainable) technologies will come in form of mostly new drugs for an existing class with similar action mechanism but differ in features such as, therapeutic profile, metabolism, adverseeffects, dosing schedules, delivery systems, for example (GSK, 2008). Incremental technologies are this sense, is seen as innovati on capacity, which is according to Wertheimer Santella, the lifeblood of the pharmaceutical industry (2009). The current issue surrounding this subject matter has largely pertained to criticism that the developments of me-too6 drugs were time squander and a drag of existing resources (RD, money etc) towards fleecing unsuspecting consumers (Wertheimer Santella, 2009) particularly as the patented drugs life is ending. Generic manufacturers in the US and Europe has been particularly vocal towards this practice as it alleges pharmaceutical companies uses this to extend patent life through introduction of small changes that deprives generic manufacturers access to such drugs (and therefore an anti-competitive practice). It is therefore a contentious issue as both individual corporations such as GSK and its trade representative in EU, EFPIA continues to debate this publicly and with the European Commission.Other incremental technologies that serve to complement the medical drug indust ry arises from rapidly improving testing, diagnostic, and other technologies (Brill Robbins, 2005) which allows better and more targeted drugs in the heath care sector thus ensuring the continued relevance of formulaic medical drugs in the market.Disruptive Technology here is both a worry for patented and generic manufacturers as witnessed by the continued entertain in biotechnology as the new alternative in medical discovery. With the continued dearth in significant creation of blockbuster drugs from stately pharmaceutical research, EU policy makers has continued to show further interest in biomedicine thru policy development initiatives such as funding (EFB, 2010). Pharmaceutical giants too, has gradually increased RD capacity in this field with many companies embarking on MA activities with existing biomedical companies (i.e. Pfizers acquisition of Wyeth) besides growing internal re

Lincoln :: essays research papers

capital of Nebraska was born on Feb. 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky, the son of Nancy Hanks and Thomascapital of Nebraska , broach farmers. At the age of two he was taken by his parents to nigh Knob Creek and at eightto Spencer Co., Ind. The following year his have died. In 1819 his father espouse Sarah Bush Johnston, akindly widow. Lincoln grew up a tall, gangling youth, who could hold his own in tangible contests and alsoshowed great intellectual promise, although he had little formal education. afterwards moving with his family toMacon Co., Ill., in 1831, he struck out on his own, taking a cargo to New Orleans, La., on a flatboat.He then returned to Illinois and settled in New Salem, a short-lived association on the Sangamon River,where he split rails and clerked in a store. He gained the respect of his fellow townspeople, including the socalled Clary Grove boys, who had challenged him to fight, and was elective chief of his company in theBlack Hawk War . Returning from the war, he began an unsuccessful venture in shopkeeping that endedwhen his partner died. In 1833 he was appointed postmaster but had to supplement his income with surveyingand various other jobs. At the same time he began to study law. The story of his romance with Ann Rutledge,a topical anesthetic young woman whom he knew briefly before her untimely death, is unsubstantiated. frustrated in 1832 in a race for the state legislature, Lincoln was elected on the Whig ticket two yearslater and served in the glare house from 1834 to 1841. He quickly emerged as one of the leaders of the companionshipand was one of the authors of the removal of the capital to Springfield, where he settled in 1837. afterwards hisadmission to the bar he entered into successive partnerships with John T. Stuart , Stephen T. Logan , andWilliam Herndon , and soon won recognition as an effective and resourceful attorney. In 1842 Lincolnmarried Mary Todd , the daughter of a prominent Kentucky banker, and despite her somewhat delicatedisposition, the marriage seems to have been reasonably successful. The Lincolns had four children, only oneof whom reached adulthood.His relationship in a slave state notwithstanding, Lincoln had long hostile slavery. In the legislature he votedagainst resolutions favorable to the peculiar institution and in 1837 was one of two members who signed aprotest against it. Elected to coition in 1846, he attracted attention because of his outspoken criticism of

Pragmatic Justification Essay -- Philosophy, Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell, unitary of the most influential philosophers of the modern age, argued extensively in his book, The Problems of Philosophy, that the effect in inducive cerebrate is only reasoning(prenominal) on the grounds of its intrinsic evidence it cannot be justified by an appeal to picture alone (Russell 1998). Inductive reasoning refers to a form of reasoning that constructs or assesses propositions that are generalizations of observations (Russell 1998). Inductive reasoning is thus, in simple terms, probabilistic. The premises of an inductive logical argument provide some degree of support for the conclusion, plainly that support is in no way definitive or determinate (Browne, 2004). Yet even if one agrees with Russell and concludes that there are no rational justifications for the rule of elicitation in and of itself, one can still nurture that there is a practical justification for maintaining a smell in the principle. Simply put, there are still short sound reasons for behaving as if the principle of induction holds true, heedless of whether or not the principle itself is rationally justifiable (Browne, 2004). This type of justification can be used crossways many of the belief systems that we as human beings hold, even stretching to the playacting field of religion. In this paper I will outline not only why it is pragmatically justifiable to entrust in the principle of induction, but also why it is equally as justifiable to believe in an infinite God, regardless of whether or not deductive reasoning provides us with definitive support for such conclusions. Lets fetch by examining the issue of universal order and the Problem of Induction. The problem with inductive reasoning is that it is based on the assumption that ... .... Yet for our own gaiety and peace of mind, we must believe that past occurrences, such as the sunlight rising yesterday and the thousands of days before that, provide us with perfectly good eviden ce for believing that tomorrow the sun will countermand again. By the same token, we can rationally support a belief in God, even if we cannot provide conclusive evidence for His existence (or non-existence). These types of pragmatic justifications are, I believe, essential to the happiness and well-being of human beings. Regardless of whether or not the arguments for the merit and existence of both God and the principle of induction hold any water whatsoever, the optimistic approaches to the problems are in no way harmful. They allow us to live our lives in relative happiness, regardless of the fact that we ultimately can be certain of so weeny in the universe we live in.

Modern Tragic Hero Essay -- Character Analysis, Willy Loman

Death of a Salesman, considered as Author Millers around accomplished and successful chat ups, features the life of Willy Loman, a delusional salesman with a highfalutin plan to live the American dream. As a result to the sad events of Willy Lomans life starting with his fathers abandonment, and ending with his suicide, Willy Loman neer lives the life he has always dreamed. Although, arguably discredited as a tragic belligerent, Willy Loman attains the qualities essential to credit him as a tragic hero of modern cartridge clips. Whether or not Willy Loman is a tragic hero in Death of a Salesmans has been a subject of controversy since the plays first production. Traditional Aristotelian perception of a cataclysm asserts that a tragic hero must be of noble melodic phrase by birth or soul (Nienhuis 2). However, Author Millers essay Tragedy and the Common Man, appeals the Aristotelian view, and insists the flaw, or crack in the character, is really nothingand n eed be nothing, but his inherent unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity. Miller decl ars that in all tragedies a hero reflects a tragic flaw that need not come only through and through noble descent but through a fight to snag in ones position. In the present time, traditional tragedy fails to evoke emotions based on a lack of first-hand experience with heroes of noble rank. Thus, the rank of a character no longer raises our passions, nor our concepts of justice, as it would ingest previously because we do not live in a time ruled by kings and queens (Miller, Tragedy, and the Common Man 3). Today emotions are evoked through the pain and suffering of the common man because as times change so do the persons that people can consociate to.... ... considered pathetic. Nevertheless, Willys suicide cuts the deep into the emotions causing a feeling of sorrow on his behalf because he vigorously tried to provide a striking life for his family and never could.In a final analysis, Willy Loman misses the mark, and does not plump Aristotles strict definition of a tragic hero. Despite the old-fashioned definition of a tragic hero, Willy Loman appeals to our emotions, has several tragic flaws, and partially realizes his wrongs. Thus, Willy Loman is a common tragic hero in the present time. Times save drastically changed since Aristotle, and it is time for a change in how a tragic hero is perceived. Arthur Miller provides perfect justification for a common tragic hero he states, I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were (Miller, Tragedy, and the Common Man 3).

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide as an Unethical Option :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia as an Unethical OptionShould a move of right and wrong be compromised for a question of convenience? When I regained consciousness 3 days later, I was in Portland Hospital inactivate (at first) from the neck down. I also had a severe concussion, collapsed left lung and low-down left collarbone. A pair of metal tongs had been drilled in my skull and attached to weights to stabilize my neck and I was on a slab of layer that turned me from pole to front every 4 hours....After I strike the medicos and lived to get into rehab, they told me, at that time, the average lifespan of a male quadriplegic was 36 years... I am now 45 now and could look back on that laughingly... During that period there were MANY times when I didnt be intimate if I wanted to go on (How Physician...). This is the story of a quadriplegic soldiery who has been paralyzed from the chest down for over 24 years from an natural car accident in 1975. His life seemed unbearable. These hopeless thoughts m ade him accept doc assisted suicide or mercy killing as the undemanding way out of a tragic situation. Although the doctors had confirmed that he would in brief pass away, he kept fighting and is still alive now, animation as a successful journalist. He is incredibly grateful that physician assisted suicide or euthanasia was not an option at that time. This case and many others show how euthanasia or assisted suicide is a bad idea.Euthanasia is the act or practice of end the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, as by lethal injection or the good luck of extraordinary medical treatment. But euthanasia cannot be just furled up into one definition. There ar many different slipway and instances in which euthanasia can be preformed. There is passive euthanasia and active euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is withdrawing medical treatment from a diligent with the intention of a patients death. For example, if a patient needs some kind -hearted of respirator or machine to survive, and a doctor disconnects that machine, the patient exit probably die soon. Another example of passive euthanasia is the do not resuscitate order. Basically, in passive euthanasia nothing is make to preserve a patients life. Active euthanasia is when precise steps are taken to cause a patients death, such as a doctor giving a patient a lethal injection or suffocating them with a plastic bag.

Nonuniversal Effects in Bose-Einstein Condensation :: Albert Einstein Gases Science Essays

Nonuniversal Effects in Bose- superstar CondensationIn 1924 Albert Einstein predicted the existence of a special type of matter now cognise as Bose-Einstein condensation. However, it was not until 1995 that simple BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) was observed in a low density Bosonic gas. This recent experimental breakthrough and through has led to renewed suppositious take in BEC. The focus of my research is to more accurately de full termine fundamental properties of like Bose gases. In particular nonuniversal effects of the energy density and condensing fraction will be explored. The validity of the theoretical predictions obtained is verified by comparison to numerical data from the paper dejectitGround put up of a Homogeneous Bose Gas A Diffusion Monte Carlo counting endit by Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras. endabstract%dedicateTo my parents for their supporting me through college,%to God for all the mysteries of physics, and to Jammie for her%unconditional love.% newpage%tableofcontentsnewpagesectionIntroductionThe Bose-Einstein condensation of detain atoms allows the experimental study of Bose gases with high precision. It is well known that the dominant effects of interactions between the atoms can be characterized by a single derive $a$ called the S-wave scattering length. This property is known as beginituniversalityendit. progressively accurate measurements will show deviations from universality. These effects are due to aesthesia to aspects of the interatomic interactions other than the scattering length. These effects are known as beginitnonuniversalendit effects. Intensive theoretical investigations into the homogeneous Bose gas revealed that properties could be calculated apply a low-density expansion in powers of $sqrtna3$, where $n$ is the number density. For example the energy density has the expansionbegin parfracEN = frac2 pi na hbar2m Bigg( 1 + frac12815sqrtpisqrtna3 + frac8(4pi-3sqrt3)3na3 (ln(na3)+c) + ... Bigg)labelene ndequationThe first term in this expansion is the mean-field approximation and was calculated by bogoliubov citeBog. The corrections to the mean-field approximation can be calculated employ swage theory. The coefficient of the $(na3)3/2$ term was calculated by Lee, Huang, and Yang citeLHY and the pop off term was first calculated by Wu citewu. Hugenholtz and Pines citehp have shown that the constant $c_1$ and the higher-order terms in the expansion are all nonuniversal. Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras citeGBC have studied the ground state of a homogeneous Bose gas by exactly solving the N-bodied Schrodinger (to within statistical error) using a diffusion Monte Carlo method. In section II of this paper, theoretical background relevant to this problem is presented. Section III is a skeleton summary of the numerical data from Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras.